Passwords alone are no longer sufficient to protect access to sensitive systems. The NIST Small Business Cybersecurity Corner defines multi‑factor authentication (MFA) as an enhancement that requires users to verify their identity by providing two or more factors: something you know (e.g., a password), something you have (e.g., a security key), or something you are (e.g., a fingerprint). Requiring multiple factors dramatically reduces the likelihood of unauthorised access.
The same NIST guidance explains that MFA creates a second barrier that makes it much harder for an attacker to access your systems and data. Even if a password is compromised through phishing or credential stuffing, the attacker must still obtain the additional factor to complete authentication. MFA implementation is therefore an essential security enhancement for online services and corporate portals.
Not all MFA methods provide equal protection. One‑time passcodes sent via SMS are susceptible to SIM‑swapping, and token‑based apps can still be phished. NIST recommends adopting phishing‑resistant authenticators such as FIDO hardware keys or built‑in device authenticators, which use cryptographic challenges instead of codes. These authenticators are increasingly integrated into smartphones and laptops and provide a seamless user experience.
To implement MFA effectively, organisations should inventory systems that support MFA, enable it on all sensitive accounts and privileged users, and educate employees on its importance. Policies should also limit access to only those who need it and revoke access promptly when roles change. By layering MFA on top of good password hygiene, businesses can significantly raise the bar for attackers.
